Juno completed a five-year cruise to Jupiter, arriving on July 5, 2016. [7] The spacecraft traveled a total distance of roughly 2.8 × 10 Foust, Jeff (February 10, 2021). "NASA to use commercial launch vehicle for Europa Clipper". SpaceNews . Retrieved February 10, 2021. Volonte, Sergio (July 10, 2007). "Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 Proposals". ESA. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011 . Retrieved February 18, 2009. Buratti, B; Veverka, Joseph (1983). "Voyager photometry of Europa". Icarus. 55 (1): 93. Bibcode: 1983Icar...55...93B. doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(83)90053-2. Brian G. Marsden (August 26, 1980). "Satellites of Jupiter". IAU Circular. 3507. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020 . Retrieved June 5, 2009. (discovery)

NASA's Juno Navigators Enable Jupiter Cyclone Discovery". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) . Retrieved May 14, 2022. Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → KBC Void → Observable universe → Universe the first observation of ammonia clouds in another planet's atmosphere—the atmosphere creates ammonia ice particles from material coming up from lower depths;Bryan Palaszewski (October 2006). "Atmospheric Mining in the Outer Solar System" (PDF). Glenn Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009 . Retrieved July 2, 2009. See also: Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 Animation of Pioneer 11 's trajectory around Jupiter from 30 November 1974 to 5 December 1974 Zak, Anatoly (July 22, 2017). "Russian plan to land on Jupiter's moon Ganymede". Russianspaceweb.com . Retrieved April 19, 2023.

Juice’s entire arsenal of instrumentation will also tell us more about the Great Red Spot. Although it has been raging for hundreds of years, we can see from Earth that this huge storm is shrinking and starting to interact with other storms. To really understand this new phase of existence, Juice will look at how the storm changes over many years. Inside the Great Red Spot, gases are ‘cooked’ by ultraviolet rays from the Sun to form potentially unique molecules; Juice will use spectroscopy (looking at the wavelengths of light being absorbed and emitted by molecules inside the storm) to uncover the strange chemical processes taking place and the origins of those striking red colours.Fantastic Flyby". NASA. May 1, 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009 . Retrieved July 2, 2009. First Close-up Image of Jupiter from Voyager 1 (NASA Voyager Jupiter Encounter Images)". Ciclops.org. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012 . Retrieved May 20, 2009. The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter and its moons. In February 2009 it was announced that both space agencies had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. [79] [80] The proposal included a launch date of around 2020 and consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, and the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter. [81] [82] [83] ESA's contribution had encountered funding competition from other ESA projects. [84] However, the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO), NASA's contribution, was considered by the Planetary Decadal Survey to be too expensive. The survey supported a cheaper alternative to JEO. [85] In the end, the whole EJSM mission, with all the proposed spacecraft from NASA and ESA (and JAXA), was cancelled (along with various related Roscosmos proposals). However, the ESA JUICE spacecraft and the NASA Europa Clipper spacecraft, which grew out of the cancelled EJSM, were built later. magnetic data evidence suggesting that Europa, Ganymede and Callisto have a liquid-saltwater layer under the visible surface; a b "Europa Clipper". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. November 2013. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013 . Retrieved December 14, 2013.

Juno – NASA's Second New Frontiers Mission to Jupiter". Archived from the original on February 3, 2019 . Retrieved October 24, 2007.evidence for a thin atmospheric layer on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto known as a 'surface-bound exosphere'; A major problem in sending space probes to Jupiter is that the planet has no solid surface on which to land, as there is a smooth transition between the planet's atmosphere and its fluid interior. Any probes descending into the atmosphere are eventually crushed by the immense pressures within Jupiter. [13] The Galileo spacecraft was the first to have entered orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying the planet until 2003. During this period Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the four large Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath their surfaces. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede. As it approached Jupiter, it also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9. In December 1995, it sent an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere, so far the only craft to do so. Connerney, John; etal. (June 2018). "Prevalent lightning sferics at 600 megahertz near Jupiter's poles". Nature. 558 (7708): 87–90. Bibcode: 2018Natur.558...87B. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0156-5. PMID 29875484. S2CID 46952214. a b Kokh, Peter; Kaehny, Mark; Armstrong, Doug; Burnside, Ken (November 1997). "Europa II Workshop Report". Moon Miner's Manifesto (110). Archived from the original on June 7, 2019 . Retrieved June 26, 2009. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)